Current status of public health system in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and improvement suggestion / 中华流行病学杂志

Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) has three public health systems under different systems, which plays an important role in the construction of the public health system in China. Further strengthening the construction of the public health system in the GBA will play an important reference role in the optimization and upgrade of China's public health system in the future. Based on the key consulting project of "research on the strategy of the modern public health system and capacity building in China" by Chinese Academy of Engineering, this paper deeply analyzes the current status and existing problems of public health system construction in GBA and suggests to improve and innovate the mechanisms of collaborative prevention and control of public health risks, resource coordination and joint research and result sharing, information sharing and exchange, personnel training and team building in order to comprehensively improve the capacity of public health system in GBA, and promote the construction of Healthy China.

Persistence follow-up of immune memory to hepatitis B vaccine among infants with non- and low-response to primary vaccination after revaccination with three doses / 中华预防医学杂志

This study followed up the immune memory after 3-dose revaccination among infants with non-and low-response following primary hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination. About 120 children without self-booster doses were finally included who had anti-HBs<10 mIU/ml (anti-HBs negative) at the time of follow-up, of whom 86 children completed blood sampling and anti-HBs testing. Before the challenge dose, all 86 children were negative for anti-HBs, and the GMC of anti-HBs was<10 mIU/ml. The seropositive conversion rate of anti-HBs was 100% and the GMC of anti-HBs was 886.11 (95%CI: 678.15-1 157.84) mIU/ml after the challenge dose. Compared with those with GMC<7 mIU/ml before the challenge dose, infants with GMC>7 mIU/ml had a higher anti-HBs level after the challenge dose. The β value (95%CI) was 0.82 (0.18-1.46) (P=0.012). Compared with those with GMC<1 000 mIU/ml at primary vaccination, infants with GMC≥1 000 mIU/ml had a higher anti-HBs level after the challenge dose. The β value (95%CI) was 0.78 (0.18-1.38)(P=0.012). The results showed a stronger immune memory was found at 9 years after revaccination among infants with non-and low-response to HepB.

Challenges to global pertussis prevention and control / 中华流行病学杂志

Pertussis is an acute, highly infectious respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis, and is one of the leading causes of infant disease and death worldwide. The pertussis vaccine has been used in the expanded program on immunization globally since 1974 and the vaccination coverage remains high. In recent years, the pertussis incidence rate increased, even pertussis outbreaks occurred, in more and more countries or areas after years with low incidence level. The disease burden of pertussis has been seriously underestimated, and the prevention and control of pertussis is facing many challenges. This article reviews the epidemic status of pertussis worldwide, the factors affecting the reemergence of pertussis, and the challenges in the prevention and control to provide a reference for prevention and control of pertussis.

Research on COVID-19 vaccination strategies in Singapore / 中华流行病学杂志

As of December 31, 2021, Singapore reported that 4 758 601 had completed at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccination, 4 714 655 had completed two doses of COVID-19 vaccination, and 2 207 341 had received one booster shot of COVID-19 vaccine. This article analyses the current performance of COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore, interprets the content of Singapore's National Vaccination Programme, and systematically introduces specific measures of COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore, such as door-to-door vaccination, vaccination differentiated management, and self-payment of medical expenses for those who refuse to be vaccinated, to provide reference for the COVID-19 vaccination in China.

Safety and immunogenicity evaluation of 60μg recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Saccharomyces Cerecisiae) in population aged 16 and above / 预防医学

Objective To evaluate the safety of 60μg recombinant hepatitis B vaccine(Saccharomyces Cerecisiae)in healthy population over 16 years old and immunogenicity in non-responders.Methods A total of 4345 eligible subjects over 16 years old were selected and vaccinated with 60 μg recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, including 3415 participants who have never been vaccined before and 930 non-responders. All participants were monitored for any adverse events occurring within 30 min after each injection and instructed to record selected injection-site reactions and systemic reactions on the day of vaccination and the subsequent 28 days. Blood samples were collected from non-responders at pre-vaccination and one month after vaccination,in order to determine anti-HBs levels,positive rates of anti-HBs and the mean geometric titre(GMT)of anti-HBs.Results Among 4345 vaccinated participants,16.39 % of them reported at least one injection-site or systemic adverse reaction. The most common injection-site and systemic adverse reactions were Grade 1 adverse reactions with the incidence of 15.12 %(657/4345)and 4.05%(176/4345)respectively. No serious adverse events were observed. Among 930 non-responders,the positive rate of anti-HBs was 87.03 % with active responder of 76.74 %(551 / 718)and the GMT of anti-HBs was 479.28 mIU / ml. The positive rate of anti-HBs was not associated with gender or age (P>0.05). The GMT of anti-HBs demonstrated significant differences between female and male(560.66 mIU / mL VS. 404.91 mIU / mL,P<0.05),but there was no significant differences in different age groups (P>0.05).Conclusion 60μg recombinant hepatitis B vaccine was safe for healthy adults above 16 years and had good immunity efficacy among non-responders who had no or low response to standard immunization regimen of hepatitis B vaccine.

Changes in Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity among Chinese Adults over a Ten-year Period / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was to describe changes in waist circumference (WC) and prevalence of abdominal obesity over a period of 10 years among Chinese adults in different socio-economic status (SES).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data derived from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during 2002 and 2010-2012. We calculated the mean WC and the prevalence of abdominal obesity by gender, place of residence, SES indicators (education, income, and marital status), and body mass index (BMI) categoriesand used pooled t-tests to assess the differences between the two time periods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>26.0% of men and 25.3% of women had abdominal obesity in 2010-2012. The age-adjusted mean WC increased by 2.7 cm among men and 2.1 cm among women; the age-adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased by 7.7% among men and 5.3% among women. The rising trends were observed in all subgroups except for a negative growth in high-income women. People living in rural areas with low education and income and with a BMI of 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2 had a greater absolute and relative increase in WC. People living in rural areas with low income had a greater relative increase in abdominal obesity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The mean WC and prevalence of abdominal obesity among Chinese adults have increased during the past 10 years. Gender differences were noted using various SES indicators.</p>

Effectiveness of Adherence to Standardized Hypertension Management by Primary Health Care Workers in China: a Cross-sectional Survey 3 Years after the Healthcare Reform / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

The standardized hypertension management provided by primary health care workers is an important part of China's recent health care reform efforts. Investigating 5,116 hypertensive patients from a cross-sectional survey conducted by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2012, this study found that adherence to standardized hypertension management is associated with positive effects on hypertension- related knowledge, healthy lifestyle behavior, antihypertensive medical treatments, and blood pressure control. It will be necessary to provide primary health care workers with sufficient training and reasonable incentives to ensure the implementation and effectiveness of hypertension management.

Comparison of Undernutrition Prevalence of Children under 5 Years in China between 2002 and 2013 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the undernutrition status of children under 5-year in China, and study the trend between 2002 and 2013).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study was based on two national surveys. Undernutrition was determined against WHO's 2006 growth standards. The prevalence in 2013 and 2002 was weighted by China sixth National Population Census (2010). The relationship between undernutrition and gender/age groups/different areas use weighted logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results indicated the overall prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting of Chinese children under 5-year was 8.1%, 2.4%, and 1.9% in 2013, respectively. The prevalence of stunting was higher for children aged 12-47 month, while underweight was higher for children aged 48-59 month. The prevalence of undernutrition was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, especially in poor rural areas. There was a decline of stunting, underweight, and wasting between 2002 and 2013 among the children, with greater reduction in rural areas than in urban areas.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of undernutrition of children under 5-year remains high in rural areas especially in poor rural areas in China. It is urgent to take action to control undernutrition in the vulnerable areas and subgroups.</p>

Inaccuracy of Self-reported Low Sodium Diet among Chinese: Findings from Baseline Survey for Shandong & Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension (SMASH) Project / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

This study was aimed to evaluate the agreement between the self-reported sodium intake level and 24-h urine sodium excretion level in Chinese. The 24-h urine collection was conducted among 2112 adults aged 18-69 years randomly selected in Shandong Province, China. The subjects were asked whether their sodium intake was low, moderate, or high. The weighted kappa statistics was calculated to assess the agreement between 24-h urine sodium excretion level and self-reported sodium intake level. One third of the subjects reported low sodium intake level. About 70% of the subjects had mean 24-h sodium excretion>9 g/d, but reported low or moderate sodium intake. The agreement between self-reported sodium intake level and 24-h urine sodium excretion level was low in both normotensive subjects and hypertensive subjects. These findings suggested that many subjects who reported low sodium intake had actual urine sodium excretion>9 g/d. Sodium intake is often underestimated in both hypertensive and normotensive participants in China.

A cross-sectional survey on the efficacy of ‘China Healthy Lifestyle for All' in 2012 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the efficacy of ‘China Healthy Lifestyle for All' (CHLA).Methods Under similar GDP status,two counties (one with CHLA and one without) were randomly selected from each province of China.Cluster randomized sampling method was performed to select 500 over 18-year-olds from each county.Face-to-face questionnaire interview was used to collect data related to knowledge,awareness and behavior on healthy lifestyle.Generalized Estimated Equation was fitted for the multi-factor analysis.Results A total of 31 396 subjects were surveyed,with 11 871 urban and 6312 rural residents from counties that had under gone the CHLA.Another 3934 urban and 9279 rural subjects were from those counties that had not carried out the CHLA (as control group).In both urban and rural areas,the CHLA group seemed more likely to be aware of the Campaign itself and the knowledge on healthy lifestyle,than the control group as well as consciously limiting the salt and oil intake,after adjusting other factors such as county,gender,age and education.In the urban area,rates of awareness on the Campaign in both the CHLA and control groups were 57.1％ and 31.7％ (OR=3.33,95％CI:1.63-6.80,P=0.001) respectively.And in the rural area,the rates of consciously limiting the salt intake in the CHLA group and in the control group were 51.5％ and 38.8％ (OR=l.70,95％CI:1.13-2.56,P=0.011) respectively.In the urban area,subjects from the CHLA group were more likely to use the healthy supportive tools than the control group.Rates of using salt measuring spoons in both the CHLA group and control groups were 49.2％ and 29.5％ (OR=2.46,95％ CI:1.45-4.17,P=0.001) respectively.In the rural area,statistically significant difference was only found in the rate of using scaled oil pots (OR=2.11,95％CI:1.09-4.09,P=0.028) between the CHLA group and the control group.In the rural area,the CHLA group was more likely to engage in more physical activities than the control group.No differences on the rates related to physical activities were found in the urban area.Some behavioral indicators such as the rates of consciously maintaining the body weight,daily intake of vegetables and fruits showed no statistically significant differences between the CHLA group and the control group either in the urban or in the rural areas.Conclusion The ‘China Healthy Lifestyle for All' seemed to have improved the knowledge on awareness and conciousness of healthy lifestyle.However,the effect of CHLA on the healthy behavior needs to be further evaluated.

Economic costs of both overweight and obesity among Chinese urban and rural residents, in 2010 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Using the latest available data to estimate the direct economic burden of overweight and obesity in China.Methods ‘Cost-of-illness' approach was used to calculate the costs of five major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which were associated with overweight and obesity.National data from the 2010 Chinese Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey and the 2008 National Health Service Survey were used to compute the Population Attributable Risks (PARs) of overweight and obesity for each major NCDs.Costs specific to overweight and obesity were obtained by multiplying costs of each disease by the PARs for each NCD.Results In 2010,overweight and obesity were imposing a substantial economic burden on China,responsible for 42.9％ of the medical and non-medical yearly costs of the major NCDs in China,with the amount as 90.768 billion RMB.Conclusion The economic costs of overweight and obesity increased over the years,accounting for 4.5％ of the national health expenditure.The high economic burden of overweight and obesity implied the need to develop and implement policies that addressing the behavior-related risk factors and the obese-genic environment,in order to curb the NCDs epidemic in China.

The correlation study of HBV serological index in neonate's venus, cord blood and mother's venus blood / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In this study, we discussed the consistency and correlation of HBV serological indexes between neonates' venous blood and cord blood whose mothers had chronical HBV infection, as well as the correlation of thoses indexes with the mothers'.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Chronically HBV infected mothers who were postive of both HBsAg and HBeAg and also had a HBV DNA virus load above 10(5) copies/ ml and their infants were enrolled. The mothers' venous blood were collected before delivery. The neonates' cord blood were collected at birth after removal of contaminants and disinfected with alcohol on the cord's surface, and the venous blood were collected before hepatitis B virus immune globin(HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine were given. The levels of HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg and anti-HBeAg were tested with Abbott microparticle chemiluminescence method (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Architac i2000). HBV DNA quantification were tested by COBAS TagMan real-time PCR Assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>383 mothers and their infants were enrolled. The positive rates of HBsAg in cord blood and venous blood were 61.2% and 63.9%. The positive rates of HBeAg level in cord blood and venous blood were 83.2% and 83.5%. The positive rates of HBV DNA level in cord blood and venous blood were 56.0% and 59.4%. The state of HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA in cord blood and venous blood were consistency, and significant correlation was observed in their levels with correlation coefficients of 0.766, 0.857, and 0.692, respectively (P < 0.000). Significant correlation of the HBeAg levels were observed between mothers' venous blood and neonates' venous blood, as well as neonates' cord blood with correlation coefficients of 0.362 and 0.352 (P < 0.000). However, there was no significant correlation of HBsAg levels between them (r = 0.023, P = 0.785; r = 0.04, P = 0.604).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The HBV serological index of neonate's cord blood could reflect the HBV serological indexes in venous blood because of the good correlation and consistency between them.</p>

Diverse expression of ER-α36, a novel variant of ER-α, in hippocampus and cortex of neonatal and adult rats / 生理学报

ER-α36, a novel variant of ER-α, is expressed in breast, uterus, digestive tract, respiratory tract etc. The aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution and expression of ER-α36 in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we comparatively analyzed the expression pattern of ER-α36 in the hippocampus and cortex of neonatal (1-day-old) and adult (12-week-old) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by using immunohistochemistry/immunocytochemistry analysis and Western blot. The results showed that ER-α36 was expressed both in hippocampus and cortex of adult rats, but mainly distributed in pyramidal neurons. ER-α36 was mainly located on the cytomembrane of hippocampal and cortical neurons from neonatal rats. Compared with the cortical neurons, the hippocampal neurons showed lower ER-α36 protein expression in the neonatal rats, but exhibited higher level of ER-α36 in the adult rats. Furthermore, the adult rats showed higher levels of ER-α36 expression in both hippocampus and cortex compared with the neonatal rats. These results suggest that ER-α36 might be involved in the regulation of membrane-initiated estrogen signaling throughout the postnatal development of diverse brain regions, and thus will be a potential target for the treatment of degenerative diseases in nervous system.

Relationship between ER-α36 and Akt in PC12 cells exposed to glucose deprivation / 生理学报

ER-α36 is a novel 36-kDa variant of ER-α. A large of evidence demonstrated that ER-α36 responded to membrane-initiated estrogen signaling pathways which were involved in the physiological and pathological process in many kinds of cells. In this study, knock-down of ER-α36 expression in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells (named as PC12-36L cells) by using the shRNA method was used to evaluate the relationship between ER-α36 and Akt in neurons under glucose deprivation. The effect of ER-α36 on outgrowth of PC12 cells, as well as the neuroprotective effect of ER-α36 on injured PC12 cells exposed to glucose deprivation was observed by using MTT assay, Western blot and Annexin V/PI staining et al. The results showed that, (1) Glucose deprivation induced by MEM treatment for 6 h reduced survival rate and increased apoptotic rate in PC12 cells significantly compared to control group (P < 0.01); and it produced a decrease in the expression of Glut-4 protein (P < 0.01); (2) The expression level of ER-α36 was decreased significantly at 3 h of glucose deprivation, and then increased, while phosphorylation of Akt participated in the glucose deprivation was increased at first and then reduced; LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) contributed to decreased expression of ER-α36, and suppressed the activation of Akt; (3) The rate of apoptosis was significantly increased in PC12-36L cells after glucose deprivation compared with that in wild type PC12 cells (P < 0.01). Furthermore, phosphorylation of Akt was decreased and Caspase-3 was increased by glucose deprivation in PC12-36L cells compared with those in wild type PC12 cells. The study reveals that phosphorylation of Akt is associated with ER-α36 in PC12 cells exposed to glucose deprivation, and both are involved in the regulation of stress responses.

Cbl-b and PI3K/Akt pathway are differently involved in oxygen-glucose deprivation preconditioning in PC12 cells / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Transient sublethal ischemia is known as ischemic preconditioning, which enables cells and tissues to survive subsequent prolonged lethal ischemic injury. Ischemic preconditioning exerts neuroprotection through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Cbl-b belongs to the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl) family, and it can regulate the cell signal transduction.The roles of ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b and PI3K/Akt pathway and the relationship between them in oxygen-glucose deprivation preconditioning (OGDPC) in PC12 cells were investigated in the present study.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) model in PC12 cells was used in the present study. The 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, nuclear staining with Hoechst 33258, and Western blotting were applied to explore the roles of Cbl-b and PI3K/Akt pathway and the relationship between them in OGDPC in PC12 cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Cell viability was significantly changed by OGD and OGDPC. OGD significantly decreased cell viability compared with the control group (P < 0.05), and preconditioning could rescue this damage was demonstrated by the increase of cell viability (P < 0.05). The expression of Cbl-b was significantly increased after OGD treatment. However, the activation of Akt and GSK3β was greatly inhibited. Preconditioning could inhibit the increase of Cbl-b caused by OGD and increase the activation of Akt and GSK3β. LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, could effectively inhibit the increase of Akt and GSK3β after preconditioning treatment. It partly inhibited the decrease of Cbl-b expression after preconditioning treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b and PI3K/Akt pathway are differently involved in OGDPC in PC12 cells.</p>

Multi-center matching study on antibody response between preterm and full-term infants after primary immunization of hepatitis B vaccine / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To compare the antibody response between preterm and full-term infants after primary immunization of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB).Methods Infants who were aged 7-12 months and had completed primary immunization with 5 μg HepB made by recombinant dexyribonucleic acid techniques in saccharomyces cerevisiae (HepB-SC) or 10 μg HepB made by recombinant dexyribonucleic acid techniques in Hansenula polymorpha (HepB-HP) on 0-1-6 schedule were investigated in four provinces (municipality) including Beijing,Shandong,Jiangsu and Guangxi of China.Among them,all preterm infants were selected to form the preterm group and the 1:1 matching full-term infants with the same month-age,gender and residence were randomly selected to form the full-term group.Their HepB history was determined by immunization certificate and all of their parents were interviewed with standard questionnaire to get their birth information.Blood samples were obtained from all anticipants and were tested for Anti-HBs by chemiluminescence microparticle immuno-assay (CMIA).Results Total anticipants were 648 pairs of infants.The rates of non-response,low-response,normal-response and high-response after the primary immunization were 1.39％,8.64％,45.83％ and 44.14％ in the preterm group,respectively.The corresponding rates were 1.08％,9.26％,44.91％ and 44.75％ in the full-term group.The above four rates did not show significant differences between the two groups (P＞0.05).The geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of anti-HBs in the pre-term and full-term group were 755.14 and 799.47 mIU/ml respectively.There was no significantly difference in the GMCs between the two groups (P＞0.05).Results from multivariable conditional logistic analysis showed that preterm was not an influencing factor to the antibody response after HepB primary immunization among newborns even after debugging the other influencing factors.Conclusion The autibody response after HepB primary immunization were similar among the preterm and full-term infants.The preterm newborns could be immunized under the same HepB immunization strategy.

Comparison on the antibody response after primary immunization of 5 μg and 10 μg hepatitis B vaccine made bv recombinant DNA techniques among newborns / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To compare the antibody response induced by primary immunization with 5 μ g and 10 μ g hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant DNA techniques among the newborns.Methods Healthy infants who had completed primary immunization with 5 μg hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant dexyribonucleic acid techniques in Saccharomyces (Hep-SC) or 10 μg hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant dexyribonucleic acid techniques in Hansenula polymorpha (HepB-HP) were included in the study.Kids under study were 7-12 months of age and had been on 0-1-6 schedule.Standardized questionnaire was used and blood samples were collected.The titer of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) was detected by Chemiluminescence Microparticle Imunoassay (CMIA).If anti-HBs happened to be under 10 mIU/ml,HBV DNA was further detected by nested-PCR to distinguish occult hepatitis B virus infection.Sero-conversion rate and titer of anti-HBs were compared between the two kinds of hepatitis B vaccines.Multivariate analysis was used to find the relationship between the kind of hepatitis B vaccine as well as the antibody response after debugging the other influencing factors including month-age,gender,birth-weight,premature birth and mother' s HBsAg status.Results 8947 infants vaccinated with 5 μg HepB-SC and 4576 infants vaccinated with 10 μg HepB-HP were investigated.In the 5 μg group,the rates of non-,low-,normal- and high-response were 1.88％,15.18％,61.42％ and 21.52％ respectively.In the 10 μg group,the corresponding rates were 0.15％,2.16％,29.42％ and 68.26％ respectively.The non-,low-,normal-response rates were all higher in 5 μg group than in 10 μg group (P＜0.01),while the high-response rate was much higher in 10 μg group than in 5 μ g group (P＜0.01).The geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-HBs were 354.81 mIU/ml (95％ CI:338.84-363.08 mIU/ml) and 1778.28 mIU/ml (95％CI:1698.24-1819.70 mIU/ml) in the 5 μg group and 10 μg group respectively.The GMC was statistically higher in the 10 μg group than in the 5 μg group (P＜0.001).The seroconversion rate and GMC were significantly different between the two groups even after debugging the other influencing factors.Conclusion Better anti-HBs response could be achieved by primary immunization with 10 μg HepB-HP than with 5 μg HepB-SC among newborns.

Knock-down of ERα36 impacts the expression of differentiation protein in PC12 cells / 生理学报

ERα36 is a novel subtype of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) known to play an important role in breast cancer development and widely expressed in normal tissues and cells including nerve cells. However, the expression and function of ERα36 in nerve cells have not been well elucidated. To examine whether ERα36 is involved in differentiation of nerve cells, the differentiated and undifferentiated PC12 (PC12D and PC12unD) cells were used. Transfection of ERα36-shRNA plasmid into PC12 cells was performed to establish the ERα36 gene knock-down cells model. Immunocytofluorescence and Western blot were used to analyze the expression of Nestin, β-tubulinIII and Neu-N in the PC12 cells. The results showed that ERα36 was expressed in both cell types. Compared with PC12D cells, PC12unD cells showed higher expression of Nestin and lower expression of β-tubulinIII. ERα36-shRNA-mediated knock-down of ERα36 expression enhanced the expression of β-tubulinIII and Neu-N, but attenuated Nestin expressions in PC12unD cells; ERα36 knock-down in PC12D cells mediated Nestin, β-tubulinIII and Neu-N in a contrary manner. These results indicate that ERα36 knock-down appear to be associated with inhibiting differentiation in differentiated cells and promoting differentiation in undifferentiated cells, suggesting that ERα36 is a dual regulator in nerve differentiation.

Study on antibody response to revaccination of hepatitis B vaccine among firstly low-response adults / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate and compare the antibody to hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (anti-HBs) response and the influent factors of revaccination of 4 kinds of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) among firstly low-response adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 11 590 adults who were 18 - 49 years old, never received HepB vaccination, without HBV infection history, HBs-Ag negative, and had been living at 3 towns of Zhangqiu county in Shandong province Ji'nan city for more than half a year, were selected in the study in July, 2009. Self-designed questionnaire was used to select the basic information of the subjects. The subjects were divided into 4 groups by cluster sampling, and were vaccinated according to the "0-1-6" immune procedure with 10 µg HepB made by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid techniques in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (HepB-SC), 10 µg HepB made by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid techniques in Hansenula Polymorpha (HepB-HP), 20 µg HepB-SC and 20 µg HepB made by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid techniques in Chinese hamster ovary cell (HepB-CHO), 3 doses respectively. The adults who were low-response to the primary hepatitis B vaccination (10 mU/ml ≤ anti-HBs < 100 mU/ml) were divided into four groups by cluster sampling. These groups were revaccinated with one-dose of above-mentioned four kinds of HepB respectively. Blood samples were drawn from each person one month after the revaccination. Anti-HBs was detected by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay and compared by the vaccine type. The influence factors about antibody response were also analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Out of the 11 590 subjects, 8592 adults had accepted the primary vaccination of hepatitis B and been collected the blood samples; among whom, 1306 subjects showed low-response, at the rate of 15.20%. A total of 1034 low-response subjects accepted secondary strengthened vaccination and were collected blood samples; 55.13% of them showed anti-HBs seroconversion (anti-HBs ≥ 100 mU/ml); while the seroconversion rate in each group was 44.54% (106/238) in 10 µg HepB-SC group, 57.14% (156/273) in 10 µg HepB-HP group, 56.08% (143/255) in 20 µg HepB-SC group and 61.57% (165/268) in 20 µg HepB-CHO group, respectively. There was significant difference among the groups (χ² = 17.14, P < 0.01). The rates of anti-HBs seroconversion were significantly higher in 10 µg HepB-HP and 20 µg HepB-CHO groups than it in 10 µg HepB-SC group (χ² were 8.09 and 14.70 respectively, P < 0.01). The geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-HBs was 178.24 mU/ml among the low-responders after one dose of revaccination. The GMC was 109.77, 243.50, 144.98 and 242.83 mU/ml in 10 µg HepB-SC group, 10 µg HepB-HP group, 20 µg HepB-SC group and 20 µg HepB-CHO group, respectively. There was significant difference among groups (F = 9.52, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Anti-HBs response could be strengthened effectively after one-dose of HepB revaccination among the low-response adults. Many factors like the vaccine types could effect the immune effects to HepB. A better response could be achieved if the 20 µg HepB-CHO or 10 µg HepB-HP was used for revaccination.</p>

Evaluation on the efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine booster immunization in 2789 children aged oner 10 years / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the efficiency of booster immunization with different recombinant hepatitis B vaccines.Methods 2789 children aged over 10 years who had completed the basic immunization of hepatitis B vaccine under 1 year old were selected.All the sampled children were classified into four groups (A,B,C and D) and immunized with different hepatitis B vaccines produced by different campanies respectively.Before booster immunization,their blood plasma specimens were detected for hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg),antibodies to HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs) and antibodies to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) by chemiluminescence.In each group,the anti-HBs positive children were immunized with one dosage and anti-HBs negative children were immunized three dosages of the same vaccine.Their blood specimens were collected again after 1 month,and detected for anti-HBs.Results The anti-HBs positive rates of A,B,C and D group were 36.43%,37.59%,42.91% and 46.46% respectively before immunization while 89.20%,91.52%,90.96% and 85.45% respectively after immunization with one dosage,99.12%,99.47%,98.87% and 98.85% respectively after immunization with three dosages.The differences of anti-HBs positive rates in the four respective groups showed statistical significances between any two rates of pre-immunization,post-immunization with one dosage and post- immunization with three dosages (all P＜0.05).The anti-HBs positive conversion rates of four groups were 83.01%,86.41%,84.16% and 72.82% respectively after immunization with one dosage.The anti-HBs positive conversion rate of four groups were 98.62%,99.16%,98.03% and 97.84% respectively after immunization with three dosages and the difference of positive conversion rates in each group showed statistical significances between booster immunization with one dosage and booster immunization with three dosages.The average GMTs in anti-HBs positive children in the four groups were 2853.21,6254.23,3581.40 and 3021.32 mIU/ml respectively after immunization with one dosage.The average GMTs of anti-HBs negative children in the four groups were 273.08,648.52,387.87 and 245.36 mIU/ml respectively after immunization with one dosage,and were 632.30,2341.14,563.97 and 394.08 mIU/ml respectively after immunization with three dosages.Conclusion Our data showed that it would be suitable to anyone to use the four vaccines for anti-HBs positive children aged over 10 years with one dosage and for anti-HBs negative children aged over 10 years with three dosage booster immunization.